Batteries and energy storage
Lithium-ion, solid-state and sodium batteries, and grid-scale storage for a clean grid.
- WikiBattery critical mineralsLithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and vanadium: the minerals batteries depend on, China's grip on refining, 2026 price spikes and export controls.Updated
- WikiBattery recyclingHow lithium-ion battery recycling works as an industry: feedstock, China's capacity lead, EU recycled-content rules and why volumes lag until the 2030s.Updated
- WikiCATLCATL is the world's largest battery maker, supplying about 39% of EV batteries in 2025. Its scale, finances, sodium-ion push and global expansion.Updated
- WikiFlow batteriesFlow batteries store energy in tanks of liquid electrolyte pumped through a cell stack. How they work, vanadium's role, and the first gigawatt-hour plant.Updated
- WikiIron-air batteriesIron-air batteries store energy by reversibly rusting iron and target 100-hour, multi-day grid storage. Form Energy's pilots, factory and 30 GWh project.Updated
- WikiSodium-ion batteriesSodium-ion batteries swap lithium for abundant sodium. How they compare with LFP, CATL's 2026 car and storage cells, and how far scale-up has come.Updated
- WikiSolid-state batteriesSolid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid. What they promise, why they are hard, and who is closest to production in 2026.Updated
- AnalysisCan battery supply chains diversify away from China?China makes most of the world's batteries and refines most battery minerals. The evidence on whether US and EU tariffs, tax rules and plants can change that.Updated
- AnalysisHow close are solid-state batteries?Toyota, BYD, Samsung SDI and QuantumScape promise solid-state batteries by 2027-28. The evidence on whether that is a breakthrough or a niche start.Updated
- ExplainerHow grid-scale energy storage worksHow power grids store electricity: lithium batteries, pumped hydro, flow batteries and multi-day iron-air storage, with US and global data for 2025-2026.Updated
- ExplainerHow lithium-ion batteries workHow a lithium-ion cell stores and releases energy: anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, intercalation, dendrites, and how the technology was invented.Updated
- ExplainerLFP vs NMC: the battery chemistry splitWhy cheap lithium iron phosphate (LFP) overtook nickel-rich NMC in electric cars and grid storage, and where NMC still wins, with 2025-2026 data.Updated