The wiki
Encyclopedia pages on the companies, technologies and ideas behind the news. Every fact links to its source.
- AI controlAI control designs safeguards that hold even if an AI model tries to subvert them: monitoring, trusted editing and sandboxing.Updated
- AirConsoleAirConsole is N-Dream's in-car gaming platform: phone-controlled party games on car screens at BMW, Audi, Volkswagen and others.Updated
- Alnylam PharmaceuticalsAlnylam developed the first approved RNAi drug and is a major siRNA drugmaker. Its medicines, the Amvuttra heart approval and its 2026 pipeline.Updated
- AlphaFoldAlphaFold is Google DeepMind's AI system for predicting protein and biomolecular structures. Versions, accuracy, database and limits.Updated
- Altos LabsAltos Labs is a cell-rejuvenation biotech launched in 2022 with US$3 billion. Its mission, sites, leadership and where it fits in aging research.Updated
- AMDAMD designs CPUs, GPUs and AI accelerators for data centers, PCs and embedded systems. Its history, products, finances and recent deals as of October 2026.Updated
- Analog in-memory computingAnalog in-memory computing does neural-network maths inside memory arrays so weights never move. How it works, IBM's phase-change work, 2025 results, limits.Updated
- AnthropicAnthropic is the US AI company that makes the Claude models. Its structure, funding, IPO filing and 2026 Pentagon dispute.Updated
- Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)Antibody-drug conjugates link an antibody to a toxic payload. Not immunotherapy themselves, they are increasingly paired with checkpoint inhibitors.Updated
- ARC-AGIARC-AGI is a benchmark series of tasks easy for people and hard for AI. ARC-AGI-3 went from 0.51% to 62.7% for AI within six months.Updated
- Artemis programNASA's Artemis program aims to return astronauts to the Moon. Artemis II flew in April 2026; the first landing is now planned for Artemis IV in 2028.Updated
- ASMLASML is the Dutch company that makes lithography machines for chipmaking and is the only supplier of EUV systems. Its business, results and outlook.Updated
- Backside power deliveryBackside power delivery moves a chip's power wiring beneath the transistors. How Intel's PowerVia and TSMC's A16 backside power rail work, and why it matters.Updated
- Base editingBase editing rewrites a single DNA letter without cutting both strands. How it works, the first patients treated, and pivotal trials in 2026.Updated
- Battery critical mineralsLithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and vanadium: the minerals batteries depend on, China's grip on refining, 2026 price spikes and export controls.Updated
- Battery recyclingHow lithium-ion battery recycling works as an industry: feedstock, China's capacity lead, EU recycled-content rules and why volumes lag until the 2030s.Updated
- BECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage)BECCS burns or ferments biomass for energy and stores the CO2 underground. How it works, how much it removes, costs, limits and the Stockholm plant.Updated
- BioMADEBioMADE is the US Manufacturing USA institute for bioindustrial manufacturing, building shared pilot and demonstration fermentation plants.Updated
- BioNTechBioNTech is the Mainz-based company that co-developed the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and is now focused on mRNA cancer immunotherapy.Updated
- Bispecific antibodies and T-cell engagersBispecific antibodies bind two targets at once, either linking T cells to tumours or pairing PD-1 with VEGF blockade. Approvals and 2026 trial results.Updated
- Bitcoin (BTC)Bitcoin is a digital currency with a 21 million coin cap and a mining reward that halves every four years. How it works, its price history and ETFs.Updated
- BRAIN InitiativeThe US BRAIN Initiative funds neurotechnology and brain-mapping research. Its 2013 launch, budget swings from $680 million to $320 million, and 2026 rebound.Updated
- Brent crude oilBrent is the world's most widely used crude oil benchmark. What it measures, how spot and futures prices differ, and how it moved in 2026.Updated
- CagriSema (cagrilintide and semaglutide)CagriSema combines the amylin analogue cagrilintide with semaglutide. Novo Nordisk's REDEFINE results, the miss against tirzepatide and its FDA review.Updated
- CAISI / CAISSI: the US government's AI testing centre at NISTThe US centre at NIST that tests frontier AI models, from AI Safety Institute to CAISI (2025) and CAISSI (2026).Updated
- Calico Life SciencesCalico is the aging research company Google announced in 2013. Its mission, AbbVie partnership, pipeline and 2026 milestones.Updated
- CAR-T cell therapyCAR-T cell therapy: engineered T cells approved for blood cancers since 2017. Approvals, safety rules, the 2026 solid-tumour first and what comes next.Updated
- Casgevy (exa-cel)Casgevy is the first approved CRISPR medicine, an edited stem cell therapy for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. Approvals, data and status.Updated
- CATLCATL is the world's largest battery maker, supplying about 39% of EV batteries in 2025. Its scale, finances, sodium-ion push and global expansion.Updated
- Cell-free protein synthesisCell-free systems express genes in a tube using extracted cellular machinery. Yields, uses in circuit prototyping and on-demand production, and 2026 funding.Updated
- CEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)CEPI funds vaccines against epidemic threats and leads the 100 Days Mission. Its role in mRNA and pandemic preparedness, and its 2027-2031 plan.Updated
- CERNCERN is the European laboratory for particle physics near Geneva. Its members, the LHC, the 2026 strategy update and its role in projects worldwide.Updated
- CFTC (Commodity Futures Trading Commission) and cryptoThe CFTC regulates US derivatives markets. Its current crypto powers, its 2026 crypto rulemaking, and the spot-market role the CLARITY Act would give it.Updated
- Chang'e lunar program (China)China's Chang'e programme has orbited, landed on and returned samples from the Moon, including the far side. Chang'e-7 slipped from 2026 to later.Updated
- Chiplets and advanced packagingChiplets split a processor into smaller dies joined in one package. Why the industry uses them, the UCIe standard, CoWoS and the packaging bottleneck.Updated
- CLARITY Act (Digital Asset Market Clarity Act, H.R. 3633)The CLARITY Act is the US crypto market-structure bill that would split oversight between the SEC and CFTC. What it does and where it stands in October 2026.Updated
- Claude MythosClaude Mythos is Anthropic's most capable model class, first released as a gated preview for cyber defence and later as Claude Fable.Updated
- ClimeworksClimeworks is a Swiss direct air capture company that runs the Orca and Mammoth plants in Iceland. Its technology, performance data and goals.Updated
- Co-packaged optics (CPO)Co-packaged optics puts optical engines inside the switch or processor package. Products from NVIDIA, Broadcom and startups, claimed savings, open questions.Updated
- Commercial space stationsPrivate stations from Vast, Axiom, Starlab and others aim to replace the ISS around 2030. Their schedules, NASA's role and the open questions.Updated
- Commonwealth Fusion SystemsCommonwealth Fusion Systems is building the SPARC tokamak and the ARC power plant around HTS magnets. Its progress, funding and deals as of 2026.Updated
- Constitutional AIConstitutional AI trains models with written principles and AI feedback instead of only human labels. How it works and what changed in 2026.Updated
- CRISPR TherapeuticsCRISPR Therapeutics is the Swiss-based gene-editing company behind Casgevy with Vertex, now running in vivo CRISPR trials in heart and liver disease.Updated
- CRISPR-Cas9CRISPR-Cas9 is the RNA-guided DNA-cutting tool behind modern gene editing and the first approved CRISPR medicine. Origins, uses and limits.Updated
- Crypto-agilityCrypto-agility is the ability to replace cryptographic algorithms without rebuilding systems. Why the post-quantum transition made it a priority.Updated
- DARPA AI Cyber Challenge (AIxCC)DARPA's two-year competition for AI systems that find and patch software vulnerabilities, won by Team Atlanta in August 2025. Results and significance.Updated
- DARPA Quantum Benchmarking Initiative (QBI)DARPA's Quantum Benchmarking Initiative tests whether any quantum computer can reach utility scale by 2033. Its stages, teams and October 2026 Stage C.Updated
- Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE)DUNE is a Fermilab-led neutrino experiment beaming neutrinos 1,300 km to South Dakota. Its goals, scale, 2026 construction status and first-beam target.Updated
- DeepSeek-R1DeepSeek-R1 reported that reinforcement learning alone can teach a language model to reason. Its findings, publication and successors.Updated
- DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument)DESI maps tens of millions of galaxies to measure dark energy. Its 2025 hint of evolving dark energy, its completed 2026 survey and what comes next.Updated
- Direct air capture (DAC)Direct air capture pulls CO2 out of ambient air for storage. How it works, what it costs, and where Mammoth and STRATOS stand in October 2026.Updated
- DNA synthesis order screeningSynthesis providers screen DNA orders and verify customers. How the US framework works, the free Common Mechanism tool, and where it falls short.Updated
- ECMWF AIFS (Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System)The AIFS is ECMWF's operational AI weather model, running since 2025 beside its physics-based IFS. Performance, energy use and limits.Updated
- Electron ptychographyElectron ptychography uses scattered electrons and algorithms to image atoms at record resolution. How it works and why materials scientists use it.Updated
- Eli Lilly and CompanyEli Lilly makes tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) and the GLP-1 pill Foundayo, and is developing retatrutide. Its 2026 results, pipeline and pricing.Updated
- Enhanced rock weatheringEnhanced weathering spreads crushed rock on farmland to lock up CO2. How it works, field-trial evidence, potential, and why measuring it is hard.Updated
- Enzymatic DNA synthesisEnzymatic DNA synthesis uses polymerases instead of phosphoramidite chemistry to write DNA. Its length claims, pricing and 2026 commercial status.Updated
- ER-100 (Life Biosciences' reprogramming therapy)ER-100 is the first partial epigenetic reprogramming therapy tested in people, in a Phase 1 trial in glaucoma and NAION. Design, early data and caveats.Updated
- Ethereum (ETH)Ethereum is a programmable blockchain whose token, ether, secures the network through staking. How it works, ether's price in 2026 and ether ETFs.Updated
- Extreme ultraviolet lithographyExtreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography prints the finest features on advanced chips using 13.5 nm light. How it works, who makes it and what is new.Updated
- Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)The FOMC is the Fed committee that sets US interest rates. Who votes in 2026, how often it meets, and what its statements and dot plot mean.Updated
- Federal ReserveThe US central bank: how it is structured, its dual mandate and 2% target, who leads it in 2026, and why it raised rates in September 2026.Updated
- Figure AIFigure AI builds general-purpose humanoid robots and its own Helix AI model. Its robots, BMW deployments, funding and 2026 milestones.Updated
- Flow batteriesFlow batteries store energy in tanks of liquid electrolyte pumped through a cell stack. How they work, vanadium's role, and the first gigawatt-hour plant.Updated
- Frontier (carbon removal buyers' coalition)Frontier is an advance market commitment by Stripe, Google, Shopify and others to buy durable carbon removal. Its size, members and deals as of 2026.Updated
- Frontier safety frameworks (responsible scaling policies)Frontier safety frameworks are AI companies' if-then rules for dangerous capabilities. How they work, who has one, and 2026 changes.Updated
- Future Circular Collider (FCC)The Future Circular Collider is CERN's proposed 90.7 km successor to the LHC. Its design, cost, the 2026 strategy decision and the funding question.Updated
- Gate-all-around (GAA) transistorsGate-all-around nanosheet transistors replace FinFETs at the leading edge. How they work, who makes them, and what comes next (forksheet, CFET).Updated
- Gemini RoboticsGemini Robotics is Google DeepMind's family of robot AI models. What it does, how it evolved from RT-2 to Gemini Robotics 2, and its limits.Updated
- Genesis Mission (US AI-for-science initiative)The Genesis Mission is the US government's DOE-led programme to accelerate science with AI, launched in November 2025. Goals and awards.Updated
- GENIUS Act (US stablecoin law, Public Law 119-27)The GENIUS Act is the 2025 US law regulating payment stablecoins: reserves, the interest ban, state options and how it links to the CLARITY Act.Updated
- Ginkgo BioworksGinkgo Bioworks sells cell engineering services, lab automation and datasets. Its 2026 finances, restructuring and pivot to automation and government work.Updated
- GNoME (Graph Networks for Materials Exploration)GNoME is Google DeepMind's deep-learning project that predicted 2.2 million new crystal structures. What it found and why critics push back.Updated
- Google DeepMindGoogle DeepMind is Alphabet's AI research lab, maker of Gemini and AlphaFold. Its origins, leadership, models and 2026 news.Updated
- Google WillowWillow is Google Quantum AI's 105-qubit superconducting chip, used for the first below-threshold error correction and the Quantum Echoes experiment.Updated
- Helion EnergyHelion Energy builds pulsed field-reversed-configuration fusion machines and is constructing Orion, a plant meant to power Microsoft from 2028.Updated
- High-temperature superconducting fusion magnetsREBCO high-temperature superconducting magnets reached 20 tesla in 2021 and enable compact tokamaks like SPARC. How they work and why they matter.Updated
- HQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic)HQC is the code-based encryption algorithm NIST picked in 2025 as a backup to ML-KEM. Why it was chosen, its trade-offs and its standards status.Updated
- Hybrid bondingHybrid bonding stacks chips with direct copper-to-copper connections instead of solder bumps. How it works, pitch milestones, uses and challenges.Updated
- Hybrid post-quantum TLS (X25519MLKEM768)How browsers and servers combine X25519 with ML-KEM to protect web traffic from future quantum decryption, and how far deployment had got by 2026.Updated
- IBM QuantumIBM Quantum builds superconducting quantum computers. Its Nighthawk and Loon chips, 2026 advantage claims and the 2029 fault-tolerant Starling plan.Updated
- imecimec is the Belgian semiconductor research centre that maps the logic roadmap beyond nanosheets, from forksheet and CFET transistors to hybrid bonding.Updated
- Immune checkpoint inhibitorsCheckpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab release immune brakes like PD-1 and CTLA-4. How they work, who responds, side effects and 2026 approvals.Updated
- In vivo CAR-TIn vivo CAR-T aims to make CAR-T cells inside the body with one infusion, skipping cell manufacturing. Early 2025-2026 myeloma data, safety and limits.Updated
- IntelIntel designs and manufactures processors and runs a contract foundry. Its history, 18A process, finances and new investors as of October 2026.Updated
- Intellia TherapeuticsIntellia Therapeutics develops in vivo CRISPR therapies. Lonvo-z for hereditary angioedema is under FDA review; nex-z trials resumed after a 2025 hold.Updated
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)The IPCC is the UN body that assesses climate science. What it found in AR6, what is planned for AR7, and the 2026 dispute over its report timeline.Updated
- Intismeran autogene (mRNA-4157/V940)Intismeran autogene is Moderna and Merck's personalised mRNA cancer therapy. What it is and its 2026 phase 3 melanoma results.Updated
- Iron-air batteriesIron-air batteries store energy by reversibly rusting iron and target 100-hour, multi-day grid storage. Form Energy's pilots, factory and 30 GWh project.Updated
- Isomorphic LabsIsomorphic Labs is the Alphabet-backed AI drug discovery company led by Demis Hassabis. Funding, partners and clinical timeline.Updated
- ITERITER is the international fusion megaproject in southern France. Its goals, members, 2024 rebaseline to 2034 and 2039, and assembly progress in 2026.Updated
- James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)Webb is NASA, ESA and CSA's 6.5-meter infrared space telescope at L2. What it is, what it has found, and the debates it has started.Updated
- JCVI minimal cell (syn3.0 and syn3A)The JCVI minimal cell is a bacterium stripped to roughly 473 genes. What syn3.0 and syn3A are, what they are used for, and what remains unexplained.Updated
- Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and High-Luminosity LHCThe Large Hadron Collider is CERN's 27 km particle collider. Its history, the Higgs discovery, the end of Run 3 in 2026 and the High-Luminosity upgrade.Updated
- LEGO Horizon AdventuresLEGO Horizon Adventures is Sony's 2024 LEGO retelling of Horizon Zero Dawn for PS5, PC and Switch. Release, co-op, reception and the tie-in LEGO set.Updated
- LIGO, Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectorsThe LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA network detects gravitational waves from colliding black holes. Its O4 run, the record GW250114 signal and plans for 2026 onward.Updated
- Lipid nanoparticle delivery for gene editingLipid nanoparticles carry CRISPR and base-editor instructions into the liver. How they work in gene editing, key trials and their limits.Updated
- LK-99: the room-temperature superconductor that wasn'tLK-99 was claimed in July 2023 as a room-temperature superconductor. How replication showed otherwise within weeks, and the lessons for science.Updated
- Loot boxesWhat loot boxes are, how ratings bodies label them, what research says about gambling links and where they are restricted as of October 2026.Updated
- LOY-002 (Loyal's senior dog lifespan drug)LOY-002 is Loyal's daily pill meant to extend senior dogs' lifespan. Its FDA status, the 1,300-dog STAY study and what remains before a decision.Updated
- Magic: The GatheringMagic: The Gathering, Wizards of the Coast's trading card game: its record 2025 and 2026 sales, Universes Beyond sets and tournament and proxy rules.Updated
- Mars Sample ReturnMars Sample Return was the NASA-ESA plan to bring Perseverance's rock cores to Earth. Congress declined to fund it in 2026; China's Tianwen-3 is next.Updated
- Metamaterials and metasurfacesMetamaterials get their properties from engineered structure, not chemistry. Negative refraction, cloaking, and flat metalenses now in phones.Updated
- METRMETR is an AI evaluation group known for measuring how long a task AI agents can complete, and for trials of AI's effect on developers.Updated
- MICrONS ProjectMICrONS mapped the wiring and activity of one cubic millimetre of mouse visual cortex: over 200,000 cells and 523 million synapses, released openly in 2025.Updated
- ML-DSA (FIPS 204)ML-DSA, formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium, is NIST's main post-quantum digital signature standard. How it works, its sizes and where it is deployed.Updated
- ML-KEM (FIPS 203)ML-KEM, formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber, is NIST's main post-quantum key-establishment standard and the algorithm behind hybrid post-quantum TLS.Updated
- Model Context Protocol (MCP)The Model Context Protocol is an open standard for connecting AI apps and agents to tools and data, now run by the Linux Foundation.Updated
- ModernaModerna is the Cambridge, Massachusetts mRNA company behind Spikevax and the first mRNA flu vaccine. Its products, pipeline and 2026 position.Updated
- Muon g-2 experimentFermilab's Muon g-2 experiment measured the muon's magnetic anomaly to 127 parts per billion. What it found and why the anomaly faded in 2025.Updated
- Nancy Grace Roman Space TelescopeRoman is NASA's wide-field infrared survey telescope, launched August 30, 2026, to study dark energy and take a census of exoplanets.Updated
- National Ignition Facility (NIF)The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore achieved fusion ignition in 2022 and 11 times by June 2026. Records, method and caveats.Updated
- NeuralinkNeuralink develops the N1, a wireless brain implant placed by a surgical robot. Its trials, reported results, safety record and what remains unproven.Updated
- Neuromorphic computingNeuromorphic computing builds chips inspired by the brain's spiking neurons. Intel's Hala Point, IBM's NorthPole, the 2025 Nature roadmap and open questions.Updated
- NeuropixelsNeuropixels are chip-based silicon probes that record hundreds of single neurons at once. How they work, the 2.0 version and first uses in people.Updated
- Neutral-atom qubitsNeutral-atom quantum computers trap thousands of atoms with laser tweezers. How they work, the 448-atom and 6,100-atom milestones, and who builds them.Updated
- NIA Interventions Testing Program (ITP)The NIA Interventions Testing Program tests candidate anti-aging compounds in genetically diverse mice at multiple sites. Its design and key results.Updated
- Nickelate superconductorsNickel-oxide superconductors are the fastest-moving high-temperature family. Pressure records to 96 K and thin films at 63 K without pressure.Updated
- NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography projectNIST's open, multi-year competition that produced the ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA standards, plus HQC, FN-DSA and the work still in progress.Updated
- Novo NordiskNovo Nordisk is the Danish maker of semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Wegovy pill). Its GLP-1 history, 2025–2026 results, pipeline and pricing pressures.Updated
- NVIDIANVIDIA designs GPUs, CPUs and networking for AI data centers. Its history, products, finances and recent developments as of October 2026.Updated
- NVIDIA Isaac GR00TIsaac GR00T is NVIDIA's platform of open humanoid robot foundation models, simulation tools and reference hardware. Versions, data and partners.Updated
- Ocean-based carbon dioxide removalOcean CDR uses seawater chemistry or biology to store more CO2: alkalinity enhancement, direct ocean capture and seaweed. Methods, trials and limits.Updated
- OPEC+OPEC+ links OPEC's members with Russia and other producers under the Declaration of Cooperation. Who is in it and what it decided in 2026.Updated
- Open X-EmbodimentOpen X-Embodiment is a pooled dataset of 1M+ robot trajectories from 22 robot types and the RT-X models trained on it. Why it mattered.Updated
- OpenAIOpenAI is the US AI company behind ChatGPT and the GPT models. Its structure, funding, products and what changed in 2026.Updated
- OpenAI o1OpenAI o1 is a reasoning model series trained with reinforcement learning to think in a chain of thought before answering.Updated
- Orforglipron (Foundayo)Orforglipron (Foundayo) is Eli Lilly's once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 pill, FDA-approved for weight management in April 2026. Trial data and pricing.Updated
- ParadromicsParadromics builds Connexus, a fully implanted high-channel brain-computer interface for restoring speech. Its FDA-approved trial and first results.Updated
- Partial reprogrammingPartial reprogramming uses Yamanaka factors briefly to make cells act younger without erasing their identity. The evidence, risks and first human trial.Updated
- Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cellsPerovskite-on-silicon tandem cells beat the single-junction efficiency limit. Records to 35.5%, the first commercial modules, and what is unproven.Updated
- Personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccinesIndividualised mRNA cancer vaccines such as intismeran autogene and autogene cevumeran: how they work, the 2026 phase 3 win and the setbacks.Updated
- Personalized (bespoke) gene editingPersonalized gene editing builds an editor for one patient's mutation. The 2025 CPS1 case, how it was made and how the FDA plans to regulate it.Updated
- Physical IntelligencePhysical Intelligence (π) is a startup building general-purpose robot foundation models such as π0 and π0.5. Its models, data approach and funding.Updated
- Pokémon Trading Card GameThe Pokémon Trading Card Game: 85 billion cards produced since its 1996 launch, 2026 sales trends and Play! Pokémon rules on proxies.Updated
- Precision fermentationPrecision fermentation uses engineered microbes to brew specific proteins such as egg and dairy proteins. Approval routes and the 2026 capacity limit.Updated
- Precision NeurosciencePrecision Neuroscience makes Layer 7, a thin-film brain surface array with 1,024 electrodes and FDA clearance for up to 30 days of implantation.Updated
- Prime editingPrime editing is a "search-and-replace" gene-editing method. How it works, the first human data in 2025, and the road to a first filing.Updated
- Protein Data Bank (PDB)The Protein Data Bank is the open global archive of 3D biomolecular structures that trained AlphaFold. Size, history and role in AI.Updated
- QuantinuumQuantinuum builds trapped-ion quantum computers, including the 98-qubit Helios. Its fidelity records, logical-qubit results and DARPA status.Updated
- Rapamycin and mTOR inhibitionRapamycin blocks the mTOR growth pathway and extends lifespan in mice. The animal evidence, human trials such as PEARL, and open questions.Updated
- Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)RLHF trains AI models on human preference rankings. Where it came from, why it became the standard, and its limits.Updated
- RetatrutideRetatrutide is Eli Lilly's investigational GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon triple agonist. Phase 2 and TRIUMPH phase 3 results and its 2027 filing plan.Updated
- RFdiffusionRFdiffusion is an open-source generative AI model from the Institute for Protein Design that designs new proteins and binders.Updated
- S&P 500What the S&P 500 index is, how it is built and weighted, who publishes it, and where it stood in 2026, with dated closing levels.Updated
- Samsung ElectronicsSamsung Electronics is a South Korean maker of memory chips, foundry services and devices. Its structure, chip business and 2026 results.Updated
- Scalable oversightScalable oversight asks how humans can supervise AI that outperforms them. Debate, AI-assisted judging and weak-to-strong research.Updated
- SEC (US Securities and Exchange Commission) and cryptoThe SEC regulates US securities markets. Its role in crypto, its 2026 token taxonomy and Regulation Crypto Assets, and what the CLARITY Act would change.Updated
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA)Self-amplifying RNA vaccines carry a viral copying enzyme so the RNA multiplies inside cells. How saRNA works and its first approvals.Updated
- Self-driving labs (autonomous laboratories)Self-driving labs pair AI with robots that plan, run and learn from experiments. The A-Lab, the controversy, and the 2025–26 start-up wave.Updated
- SemaglutideSemaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus, Wegovy pill) is Novo Nordisk's GLP-1 drug. Its trials, approvals, oral forms, prices and patent status in 2026.Updated
- SenolyticsSenolytics are drugs designed to clear senescent cells. What they are, the mouse evidence, and how human trials have fared as of 2026.Updated
- shadPS4shadPS4 is an open-source PS4 emulator for Windows, Linux and macOS. Its status, compatibility numbers and how it relates to PS5 emulators.Updated
- Signal's post-quantum protocol (PQXDH and SPQR)How Signal added post-quantum protection in two steps, PQXDH in 2023 and the SPQR "Triple Ratchet" in 2025, and how Apple's iMessage PQ3 compares.Updated
- SLH-DSA (FIPS 205)SLH-DSA, formerly SPHINCS+, is NIST's hash-based post-quantum signature standard: a conservative backup to ML-DSA with large signatures.Updated
- Sodium-ion batteriesSodium-ion batteries swap lithium for abundant sodium. How they compare with LFP, CATL's 2026 car and storage cells, and how far scale-up has come.Updated
- Solid-state batteriesSolid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid. What they promise, why they are hard, and who is closest to production in 2026.Updated
- SpaceX StarshipStarship is SpaceX's fully reusable super-heavy rocket and NASA's planned Moon lander. It reached orbit for the first time in September 2026.Updated
- Sparse autoencoders (interpretability)Sparse autoencoders split an AI model's internal activity into readable features. Their rise, scale-up and limits.Updated
- Speech neuroprosthesesSpeech neuroprostheses decode attempted speech from the brain into text or a synthetic voice for people with paralysis. Key results, limits and trials.Updated
- Spot crypto ETFs (bitcoin and ether)Spot crypto ETFs hold bitcoin or ether directly and trade on stock exchanges. How US approval happened, the biggest funds, flows and staking in 2026.Updated
- StellaratorStellarators confine fusion plasma with twisted external coils and no plasma current. How they differ from tokamaks and who is building them in 2026.Updated
- Superconducting qubitsSuperconducting qubits are chip-based circuits cooled near absolute zero, used by Google, IBM and USTC. How they work and where they stand in 2026.Updated
- Surface codeThe surface code is the leading quantum error-correcting code for chip-based qubits. How it works, its 2024 below-threshold result and its limits.Updated
- SWE-benchSWE-bench tests whether AI can fix real GitHub issues. How it works, its Verified subset, and how scores rose from 2% to near 100%.Updated
- SynchronSynchron's Stentrode is a brain-computer interface delivered through the blood vessels, avoiding open-brain surgery. Its trials, safety data and plans.Updated
- Synthetic yeast genome project (Sc2.0)Sc2.0 is the international effort to build a redesigned yeast genome. Its final chromosome synXVI, the debugging methods it created, and what comes next.Updated
- TAME trial (Targeting Aging with Metformin)TAME is a proposed trial of the diabetes drug metformin designed to test whether a drug can delay aging-related diseases. Its design, history and status.Updated
- Tesla ArcadeTesla Arcade is Tesla's built-in in-car games feature, playable in Park since 2019. Its history, Passenger Play, Steam and the NHTSA probe.Updated
- Tesla OptimusOptimus is Tesla's humanoid robot. Its history since 2022, the Fremont and Texas factory plans, repeated delays and status as of October 2026.Updated
- Test-time computeTest-time compute is the computing power an AI model spends while answering. Spending more of it is how reasoning models improve.Updated
- The Materials ProjectThe Materials Project is an open, DOE-funded database of computed materials properties, now the hub for AI-driven materials discovery.Updated
- TirzepatideTirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) is Eli Lilly's dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. Its trials, approvals, head-to-head data, sales and pricing as of 2026.Updated
- TokamakThe tokamak is the doughnut-shaped magnetic fusion machine behind ITER, JET, EAST and SPARC. How it works, its records and its limits in 2026.Updated
- Topological insulators and topological materialsTopological materials have properties fixed by mathematics, such as protected surface currents. What they are and why quantum computing cares.Updated
- Topological qubitsTopological qubits would store quantum information in exotic states of matter. Microsoft's Majorana 1 claim, the scientific dispute and DARPA's review.Updated
- Trapped-ion qubitsTrapped-ion qubits use charged atoms held in electromagnetic fields. Why they lead on gate fidelity, who builds them, and their 2026 milestones.Updated
- TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company)TSMC is the Taiwanese contract chipmaker that builds chips designed by other companies. Its history, scale, process technology and 2026 results.Updated
- Tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapyTIL therapy grows a patient's own tumour-derived T cells and infuses them back. The 2024 FDA approval of lifileucel, results and open questions.Updated
- Twist BioscienceTwist Bioscience makes synthetic genes and DNA libraries at industrial scale. Its 2026 revenue, gene volumes and role in the synthetic biology supply chain.Updated
- Twisted bilayer graphene and twistronicsTwisting two graphene sheets to a "magic angle" makes a superconductor. How twistronics works and its 2023-2026 fractional quantum Hall results.Updated
- UK AI Security Institute (AISI)The UK AI Security Institute tests frontier AI models for national-security risks. Its history, tools and key findings.Updated
- Unitree RoboticsUnitree Robotics is a Hangzhou maker of quadruped and humanoid robots. Its shipments, 2026 Shanghai IPO, the US import ban, and role in research.Updated
- Utah arrayThe Utah array is a grid of microelectrodes pushed into the cortex. It powered most landmark BCI studies, from cursor control in 2006 to speech in 2024.Updated
- Vera C. Rubin ObservatoryRubin Observatory in Chile began its 10-year Legacy Survey of Space and Time in mid-2026, imaging the southern sky every few nights.Updated
- WaymoWaymo runs driverless robotaxis in US cities. Its scale, safety data and AI approach, and why self-driving cars matter for embodied AI.Updated
- WeatherNext (GraphCast, GenCast)Google DeepMind's AI weather models, from GraphCast and GenCast to WeatherNext 2: how they work and how they compare.Updated
- Wendelstein 7-XWendelstein 7-X in Greifswald is the world's largest stellarator. Its design, 2025 triple-product record and role in Europe's stellarator push.Updated
- WTI crude oil (West Texas Intermediate)WTI is the main US crude oil benchmark, priced at Cushing, Oklahoma. What it is, why it trades below Brent, and how it moved in 2026.Updated