Computing
Quantum computers, new hardware, cryptography and the future of how computation works.
- WikiAnalog in-memory computingAnalog in-memory computing does neural-network maths inside memory arrays so weights never move. How it works, IBM's phase-change work, 2025 results, limits.Updated
- WikiCo-packaged optics (CPO)Co-packaged optics puts optical engines inside the switch or processor package. Products from NVIDIA, Broadcom and startups, claimed savings, open questions.Updated
- WikiCrypto-agilityCrypto-agility is the ability to replace cryptographic algorithms without rebuilding systems. Why the post-quantum transition made it a priority.Updated
- WikiDARPA Quantum Benchmarking Initiative (QBI)DARPA's Quantum Benchmarking Initiative tests whether any quantum computer can reach utility scale by 2033. Its stages, teams and October 2026 Stage C.Updated
- WikiGoogle WillowWillow is Google Quantum AI's 105-qubit superconducting chip, used for the first below-threshold error correction and the Quantum Echoes experiment.Updated
- WikiHQC (Hamming Quasi-Cyclic)HQC is the code-based encryption algorithm NIST picked in 2025 as a backup to ML-KEM. Why it was chosen, its trade-offs and its standards status.Updated
- WikiHybrid post-quantum TLS (X25519MLKEM768)How browsers and servers combine X25519 with ML-KEM to protect web traffic from future quantum decryption, and how far deployment had got by 2026.Updated
- WikiIBM QuantumIBM Quantum builds superconducting quantum computers. Its Nighthawk and Loon chips, 2026 advantage claims and the 2029 fault-tolerant Starling plan.Updated
- WikiML-DSA (FIPS 204)ML-DSA, formerly CRYSTALS-Dilithium, is NIST's main post-quantum digital signature standard. How it works, its sizes and where it is deployed.Updated
- WikiML-KEM (FIPS 203)ML-KEM, formerly CRYSTALS-Kyber, is NIST's main post-quantum key-establishment standard and the algorithm behind hybrid post-quantum TLS.Updated
- WikiModel Context Protocol (MCP)The Model Context Protocol is an open standard for connecting AI apps and agents to tools and data, now run by the Linux Foundation.Updated
- WikiNeuromorphic computingNeuromorphic computing builds chips inspired by the brain's spiking neurons. Intel's Hala Point, IBM's NorthPole, the 2025 Nature roadmap and open questions.Updated
- WikiNeutral-atom qubitsNeutral-atom quantum computers trap thousands of atoms with laser tweezers. How they work, the 448-atom and 6,100-atom milestones, and who builds them.Updated
- WikiNIST Post-Quantum Cryptography projectNIST's open, multi-year competition that produced the ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA standards, plus HQC, FN-DSA and the work still in progress.Updated
- WikiQuantinuumQuantinuum builds trapped-ion quantum computers, including the 98-qubit Helios. Its fidelity records, logical-qubit results and DARPA status.Updated
- WikiSignal's post-quantum protocol (PQXDH and SPQR)How Signal added post-quantum protection in two steps, PQXDH in 2023 and the SPQR "Triple Ratchet" in 2025, and how Apple's iMessage PQ3 compares.Updated
- WikiSLH-DSA (FIPS 205)SLH-DSA, formerly SPHINCS+, is NIST's hash-based post-quantum signature standard: a conservative backup to ML-DSA with large signatures.Updated
- WikiSuperconducting qubitsSuperconducting qubits are chip-based circuits cooled near absolute zero, used by Google, IBM and USTC. How they work and where they stand in 2026.Updated
- WikiSurface codeThe surface code is the leading quantum error-correcting code for chip-based qubits. How it works, its 2024 below-threshold result and its limits.Updated
- WikiSWE-benchSWE-bench tests whether AI can fix real GitHub issues. How it works, its Verified subset, and how scores rose from 2% to near 100%.Updated
- WikiTest-time computeTest-time compute is the computing power an AI model spends while answering. Spending more of it is how reasoning models improve.Updated
- WikiTopological qubitsTopological qubits would store quantum information in exotic states of matter. Microsoft's Majorana 1 claim, the scientific dispute and DARPA's review.Updated
- WikiTrapped-ion qubitsTrapped-ion qubits use charged atoms held in electromagnetic fields. Why they lead on gate fidelity, who builds them, and their 2026 milestones.Updated
- ● DevelopingNext-gen computing hardware tracker: 2024-2026 milestonesA live timeline of milestones in GAA transistors, backside power, chiplets, co-packaged optics, neuromorphic and analog in-memory computing.Updated 19 confirmed
- ● DevelopingPost-quantum cryptography and security trackerA dated, sourced timeline of post-quantum cryptography and AI security milestones: NIST standards, deployment, government deadlines, 2024-2026.Updated 23 confirmed
- ● DevelopingQuantum computing frontier trackerA dated, sourced timeline of quantum computing milestones: error correction, logical qubits, advantage claims and DARPA's benchmarking, 2024-2026.Updated 18 confirmed3 disputed
- AnalysisBeyond Moore's law: which hardware bets will pay off?The open debates in next-gen computing hardware: incremental scaling vs radical new compute, how fast optics replaces copper, and vendor claims vs evidence.Updated
- AnalysisHow fast must we move to post-quantum cryptography?Q-Day timing, 2029 corporate targets versus 2030-2035 government deadlines, and whether to rush new algorithms: the post-quantum migration debate.Updated
- AnalysisHas quantum advantage arrived? The 2026 debateQuantum advantage claims from Google, USTC and IBM, why classical computers keep catching up, and what would settle the debate.Updated
- ExplainerNext-gen computing hardware in 2026: a crash courseA crash course on computing beyond conventional chip scaling: GAA transistors, backside power, chiplets, optical links, neuromorphic and analog compute.Updated
- ExplainerPost-quantum cryptography and security in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on post-quantum cryptography: the quantum threat, NIST's new standards, deployment, migration deadlines and AI in security.Updated
- ExplainerFrontier AI in 2026: a crash courseA crash course on frontier AI in 2026: how reasoning models and AI agents work, who builds them, and where the frontier stands now.Updated
- ExplainerHow AI agents workWhat an AI agent is and how it works: language models using tools in a loop, computer use, MCP connectors and long tasks.Updated
- ExplainerHow large language models workA plain guide to large language models: the Transformer, scaling laws and human-feedback training, at beginner and expert level.Updated
- ExplainerHow optical interconnects and silicon photonics workWhy data centers are replacing copper and pluggable transceivers with light, and how silicon photonics, optical chiplets and co-packaged optics work.Updated
- ExplainerHow post-quantum cryptography worksLattices, hashes and codes: the math behind post-quantum algorithms, how key encapsulation and signatures work, and the trade-offs in size and safety.Updated
- ExplainerHow quantum computers break encryptionWhy Shor's algorithm threatens RSA and elliptic-curve cryptography, why AES survives, and how fast attack estimates fell in 2025-2026.Updated
- ExplainerHow qubits workWhat a qubit is, how superposition, entanglement and interference power quantum computers, and why qubits are so fragile.Updated
- ExplainerThe memory wall: why moving data limits AI hardwareWhy AI chips are increasingly limited by memory and interconnect bandwidth rather than raw compute, and which hardware ideas try to fix it.Updated
- ExplainerQuantum computing in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on quantum computing: qubits, error correction, logical qubits, advantage claims and who leads as of October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerQuantum error correction: from noisy to logical qubitsHow quantum error correction turns many noisy physical qubits into reliable logical qubits, what "below threshold" means, and the 2026 state of play.Updated
- ExplainerWhat quantum computers are good for (and what they are not)The problems quantum computers are expected to help with - simulation, cryptanalysis - how close each is, and why "faster at everything" is wrong.Updated
- ExplainerWhy chip scaling slowed, and what replaced itHow the end of Dennard scaling around 2005 created a power wall, why multi-core and accelerators followed, and why new hardware ideas now matter.Updated