Health and medicine
New treatments, vaccines and medical science, with the evidence behind each claim.
- WikiAlnylam PharmaceuticalsAlnylam developed the first approved RNAi drug and is a major siRNA drugmaker. Its medicines, the Amvuttra heart approval and its 2026 pipeline.Updated
- WikiAltos LabsAltos Labs is a cell-rejuvenation biotech launched in 2022 with US$3 billion. Its mission, sites, leadership and where it fits in aging research.Updated
- WikiAntibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)Antibody-drug conjugates link an antibody to a toxic payload. Not immunotherapy themselves, they are increasingly paired with checkpoint inhibitors.Updated
- WikiBase editingBase editing rewrites a single DNA letter without cutting both strands. How it works, the first patients treated, and pivotal trials in 2026.Updated
- WikiBioNTechBioNTech is the Mainz-based company that co-developed the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and is now focused on mRNA cancer immunotherapy.Updated
- WikiBispecific antibodies and T-cell engagersBispecific antibodies bind two targets at once, either linking T cells to tumours or pairing PD-1 with VEGF blockade. Approvals and 2026 trial results.Updated
- WikiBRAIN InitiativeThe US BRAIN Initiative funds neurotechnology and brain-mapping research. Its 2013 launch, budget swings from $680 million to $320 million, and 2026 rebound.Updated
- WikiCagriSema (cagrilintide and semaglutide)CagriSema combines the amylin analogue cagrilintide with semaglutide. Novo Nordisk's REDEFINE results, the miss against tirzepatide and its FDA review.Updated
- WikiCalico Life SciencesCalico is the aging research company Google announced in 2013. Its mission, AbbVie partnership, pipeline and 2026 milestones.Updated
- WikiCAR-T cell therapyCAR-T cell therapy: engineered T cells approved for blood cancers since 2017. Approvals, safety rules, the 2026 solid-tumour first and what comes next.Updated
- WikiCasgevy (exa-cel)Casgevy is the first approved CRISPR medicine, an edited stem cell therapy for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia. Approvals, data and status.Updated
- WikiCEPI (Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations)CEPI funds vaccines against epidemic threats and leads the 100 Days Mission. Its role in mRNA and pandemic preparedness, and its 2027-2031 plan.Updated
- WikiCRISPR-Cas9CRISPR-Cas9 is the RNA-guided DNA-cutting tool behind modern gene editing and the first approved CRISPR medicine. Origins, uses and limits.Updated
- WikiCRISPR TherapeuticsCRISPR Therapeutics is the Swiss-based gene-editing company behind Casgevy with Vertex, now running in vivo CRISPR trials in heart and liver disease.Updated
- WikiEli Lilly and CompanyEli Lilly makes tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) and the GLP-1 pill Foundayo, and is developing retatrutide. Its 2026 results, pipeline and pricing.Updated
- WikiER-100 (Life Biosciences' reprogramming therapy)ER-100 is the first partial epigenetic reprogramming therapy tested in people, in a Phase 1 trial in glaucoma and NAION. Design, early data and caveats.Updated
- WikiImmune checkpoint inhibitorsCheckpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab release immune brakes like PD-1 and CTLA-4. How they work, who responds, side effects and 2026 approvals.Updated
- WikiIn vivo CAR-TIn vivo CAR-T aims to make CAR-T cells inside the body with one infusion, skipping cell manufacturing. Early 2025-2026 myeloma data, safety and limits.Updated
- WikiIntellia TherapeuticsIntellia Therapeutics develops in vivo CRISPR therapies. Lonvo-z for hereditary angioedema is under FDA review; nex-z trials resumed after a 2025 hold.Updated
- WikiNIA Interventions Testing Program (ITP)The NIA Interventions Testing Program tests candidate anti-aging compounds in genetically diverse mice at multiple sites. Its design and key results.Updated
- WikiIntismeran autogene (mRNA-4157/V940)Intismeran autogene is Moderna and Merck's personalised mRNA cancer therapy. What it is and its 2026 phase 3 melanoma results.Updated
- WikiLipid nanoparticle delivery for gene editingLipid nanoparticles carry CRISPR and base-editor instructions into the liver. How they work in gene editing, key trials and their limits.Updated
- WikiLOY-002 (Loyal's senior dog lifespan drug)LOY-002 is Loyal's daily pill meant to extend senior dogs' lifespan. Its FDA status, the 1,300-dog STAY study and what remains before a decision.Updated
- WikiModernaModerna is the Cambridge, Massachusetts mRNA company behind Spikevax and the first mRNA flu vaccine. Its products, pipeline and 2026 position.Updated
- WikiNeuralinkNeuralink develops the N1, a wireless brain implant placed by a surgical robot. Its trials, reported results, safety record and what remains unproven.Updated
- WikiNovo NordiskNovo Nordisk is the Danish maker of semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Wegovy pill). Its GLP-1 history, 2025–2026 results, pipeline and pricing pressures.Updated
- WikiOrforglipron (Foundayo)Orforglipron (Foundayo) is Eli Lilly's once-daily small-molecule GLP-1 pill, FDA-approved for weight management in April 2026. Trial data and pricing.Updated
- WikiParadromicsParadromics builds Connexus, a fully implanted high-channel brain-computer interface for restoring speech. Its FDA-approved trial and first results.Updated
- WikiPartial reprogrammingPartial reprogramming uses Yamanaka factors briefly to make cells act younger without erasing their identity. The evidence, risks and first human trial.Updated
- WikiPersonalized (bespoke) gene editingPersonalized gene editing builds an editor for one patient's mutation. The 2025 CPS1 case, how it was made and how the FDA plans to regulate it.Updated
- WikiPersonalised mRNA neoantigen vaccinesIndividualised mRNA cancer vaccines such as intismeran autogene and autogene cevumeran: how they work, the 2026 phase 3 win and the setbacks.Updated
- WikiPrecision NeurosciencePrecision Neuroscience makes Layer 7, a thin-film brain surface array with 1,024 electrodes and FDA clearance for up to 30 days of implantation.Updated
- WikiPrime editingPrime editing is a "search-and-replace" gene-editing method. How it works, the first human data in 2025, and the road to a first filing.Updated
- WikiRapamycin and mTOR inhibitionRapamycin blocks the mTOR growth pathway and extends lifespan in mice. The animal evidence, human trials such as PEARL, and open questions.Updated
- WikiRetatrutideRetatrutide is Eli Lilly's investigational GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon triple agonist. Phase 2 and TRIUMPH phase 3 results and its 2027 filing plan.Updated
- WikiSelf-amplifying RNA (saRNA)Self-amplifying RNA vaccines carry a viral copying enzyme so the RNA multiplies inside cells. How saRNA works and its first approvals.Updated
- WikiSemaglutideSemaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus, Wegovy pill) is Novo Nordisk's GLP-1 drug. Its trials, approvals, oral forms, prices and patent status in 2026.Updated
- WikiSenolyticsSenolytics are drugs designed to clear senescent cells. What they are, the mouse evidence, and how human trials have fared as of 2026.Updated
- WikiSpeech neuroprosthesesSpeech neuroprostheses decode attempted speech from the brain into text or a synthetic voice for people with paralysis. Key results, limits and trials.Updated
- WikiSynchronSynchron's Stentrode is a brain-computer interface delivered through the blood vessels, avoiding open-brain surgery. Its trials, safety data and plans.Updated
- WikiTAME trial (Targeting Aging with Metformin)TAME is a proposed trial of the diabetes drug metformin designed to test whether a drug can delay aging-related diseases. Its design, history and status.Updated
- WikiTirzepatideTirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) is Eli Lilly's dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist. Its trials, approvals, head-to-head data, sales and pricing as of 2026.Updated
- WikiTumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapyTIL therapy grows a patient's own tumour-derived T cells and infuses them back. The 2024 FDA approval of lifileucel, results and open questions.Updated
- WikiUtah arrayThe Utah array is a grid of microelectrodes pushed into the cortex. It powered most landmark BCI studies, from cursor control in 2006 to speech in 2024.Updated
- ● DevelopingCancer immunotherapy tracker: approvals and trial resultsA dated, sourced timeline of cancer immunotherapy milestones from 2024 to October 2026: approvals, phase 3 readouts, safety actions and setbacks.Updated 30 confirmed
- ● DevelopingGene editing tracker: approvals, trials and setbacksA dated, sourced timeline of gene-editing milestones: Casgevy approvals, in vivo CRISPR trials, base and prime editing, FDA actions and safety events.Updated 32 confirmed
- ● DevelopingLongevity research tracker: aging biology milestonesA live tracker of aging and longevity research: reprogramming trials, dog lifespan drugs, senolytic and rapamycin trials, clocks and prizes.Updated 25 confirmed
- ● DevelopingGLP-1 and metabolic medicine trackerLive tracker of GLP-1 and obesity-medicine milestones: approvals, pills, triple agonists, outcome trials, Medicare coverage and pricing, 2023–2026.Updated 27 confirmed
- ● DevelopingNeurotech tracker: brain-computer interfaces and brain mappingA dated timeline of brain-computer interface trials, approvals, speech neuroprostheses, connectome milestones and neural-data rules, 2024 to October 2026.Updated 27 confirmed
- ● DevelopingmRNA vaccines and RNA medicines trackerA dated, sourced timeline of mRNA vaccine, self-amplifying RNA and RNA-drug milestones and US policy changes, updated as the field moves.Updated 25 confirmed
- AnalysisCan aging be treated? Evidence, hype and the regulatory gapIs aging a treatable condition, and is the evidence strong enough? The debate over animal data, weak human trials, unvalidated clocks and FDA rules.Updated
- AnalysisDo AI-designed drugs work? What the clinical evidence showsAI-designed drug candidates are reaching patients. What trial data show so far, what they don't, and why "AI-designed" is a contested label.Updated
- AnalysisAre brain implants ready to become medical products?China approved an invasive BCI in 2026 and US firms are preparing pivotal trials. The evidence for and against implanted BCIs being ready for market.Updated
- AnalysisWho can get gene-editing cures? The access and cost debateGene-editing therapies like Casgevy can cost millions and need specialist centres. The evidence on access, payment models and global reach in 2026.Updated
- AnalysisWho gets GLP-1 drugs? The 2026 price and coverage debateGLP-1 prices, Medicare's Bridge, negotiated prices, compounding and generics: the evidence on access in 2026 and the competing views on what comes next.Updated
- AnalysisLifelong GLP-1s? The debate over long-term useWhat happens when people stop GLP-1 drugs, what is known about muscle, nutrition and rare side effects, and the competing views on long-term use.Updated
- AnalysisHow safe is in vivo gene editing? The 2026 debateIn vivo CRISPR therapies are nearing approval, but a 2025 trial death and AAV liver deaths raised safety questions. What the evidence shows.Updated
- AnalysisMental privacy: should neural data get special protection?Speech BCIs can now decode some inner speech, and laws are catching up. The debate over protecting neural data, from UNESCO to Colorado and the MIND Act.Updated
- AnalysisCan immunotherapy crack solid tumours? The 2026 debateSolid tumours are the main frontier of cancer immunotherapy. What 2025-2026 trials show, where they fall short, and the competing readings.Updated
- AnalysisThe US mRNA vaccine policy debate, 2025-2026How US mRNA vaccine policy changed in 2025-2026: FDA label limits, BARDA cuts, ACIP reconstitution and the court case, with each side's arguments.Updated
- ExplainerCancer immunotherapy in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on cancer immunotherapy in 2026: checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T, bispecifics, mRNA cancer vaccines and the solid-tumour frontier.Updated
- ExplainerGene editing in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on CRISPR, base and prime editing, delivery, approved therapies like Casgevy and where gene editing stands in October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerGLP-1 outcome trials explained: heart, kidney, liver and beyondWhat the big GLP-1 outcome trials (SELECT, FLOW, ESSENCE, SURMOUNT-OSA, SURPASS-CVOT, evoke) found, how to read them, and what regulators approved.Updated
- ExplainerThe hallmarks of aging, explainedWhat the twelve hallmarks of aging are, how scientists decide what counts as one, and why the framework is useful but contested.Updated
- ExplainerHow anti-aging interventions are tested, from mice to peopleWhy testing drugs against aging is hard: mouse lifespan studies, dog trials, human trial designs like TAME, and the lack of a regulatory route for aging drugs.Updated
- ExplainerHow brain-computer interfaces workMeasure, decode, control: how a brain-computer interface turns neural activity into cursor movement, text or a synthesized voice, and how it is measured.Updated
- ExplainerHow cancer vaccines work, from shared antigens to personalised mRNAHow therapeutic cancer vaccines differ from preventive ones, how personalised mRNA neoantigen vaccines are made, and what trials show as of 2026.Updated
- ExplainerHow CAR-T cell therapy worksHow CAR-T cells are made from a patient's own T cells, why they cause cytokine release syndrome, and why solid tumours are harder, at two reading levels.Updated
- ExplainerHow CRISPR gene editing works: cutting, base and prime editingHow CRISPR-Cas9 finds and cuts DNA, how base and prime editors change DNA without double-strand breaks, and why the difference matters for safety.Updated
- ExplainerHow epigenetic clocks and aging biomarkers workHow DNA methylation clocks such as Horvath, GrimAge and DunedinPACE estimate biological age, how reliable they are, and why validation matters.Updated
- ExplainerHow gene therapies are delivered: ex vivo, viral vectors and LNPsHow gene editors and gene therapies reach cells: editing cells outside the body, viral vectors like AAV and lentivirus, and lipid nanoparticles.Updated
- ExplainerHow GLP-1 drugs workHow incretin hormones like GLP-1 and GIP control insulin and appetite, and how drug designers stretched them into weekly shots, pills and multi-agonists.Updated
- ExplainerHow lipid nanoparticles deliver RNALipid nanoparticles carry mRNA and siRNA into cells. Their four ingredients, how they escape the endosome, and why most end up in the liver.Updated
- ExplainerHow mRNA vaccines workHow an mRNA vaccine turns a genetic message into an immune response, why modified nucleosides mattered, and what the platform can and cannot do.Updated
- ExplainerHow scientists record brain activityFrom scalp caps to electrodes inside the cortex: how neural recording works, what each method can see, and the trade-off between signal and surgery.Updated
- ExplainerHow RNA silencing drugs work (siRNA and antisense)How siRNA and antisense oligonucleotide drugs switch off disease-causing genes at the RNA level, and where the field stands in 2026.Updated
- ExplainerHow the immune system fights cancer, and how tumours escapeHow T cells recognise cancer, how tumours hide or switch immune cells off, and how immunotherapies try to reverse that, at beginner and expert level.Updated
- ExplainerAging and longevity biology in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on aging biology: hallmarks, epigenetic clocks, senolytics, reprogramming, rapamycin and who leads, as of October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerGLP-1 and metabolic medicine in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on GLP-1 drugs: incretin biology, semaglutide, tirzepatide, pills and triple agonists, outcome trials, prices and coverage.Updated
- ExplainerNeuroscience and brain-computer interfaces in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on brain-computer interfaces and brain mapping: how they work, who leads, what is approved and where the frontier is in October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerObesity as a chronic diseaseWhy WHO and a Lancet Commission now frame obesity as a chronic disease, what "clinical" versus "preclinical" obesity means, and BMI's limits.Updated
- ExplainermRNA and next-gen vaccines in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on mRNA vaccines, lipid nanoparticles, self-amplifying RNA and RNA drugs: how they work, who leads, and the 2026 frontier.Updated