Energy and climate
Clean energy, storage, fusion and the science of a changing climate.
- WikiBattery critical mineralsLithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and vanadium: the minerals batteries depend on, China's grip on refining, 2026 price spikes and export controls.Updated
- WikiBattery recyclingHow lithium-ion battery recycling works as an industry: feedstock, China's capacity lead, EU recycled-content rules and why volumes lag until the 2030s.Updated
- WikiCATLCATL is the world's largest battery maker, supplying about 39% of EV batteries in 2025. Its scale, finances, sodium-ion push and global expansion.Updated
- WikiFlow batteriesFlow batteries store energy in tanks of liquid electrolyte pumped through a cell stack. How they work, vanadium's role, and the first gigawatt-hour plant.Updated
- WikiIron-air batteriesIron-air batteries store energy by reversibly rusting iron and target 100-hour, multi-day grid storage. Form Energy's pilots, factory and 30 GWh project.Updated
- WikiSodium-ion batteriesSodium-ion batteries swap lithium for abundant sodium. How they compare with LFP, CATL's 2026 car and storage cells, and how far scale-up has come.Updated
- WikiSolid-state batteriesSolid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid. What they promise, why they are hard, and who is closest to production in 2026.Updated
- ● DevelopingBatteries and energy storage trackerA dated timeline of battery and energy storage milestones from 2024 to October 2026: prices, solid-state, sodium-ion, grid storage and trade policy.Updated 29 confirmed
- AnalysisCan battery supply chains diversify away from China?China makes most of the world's batteries and refines most battery minerals. The evidence on whether US and EU tariffs, tax rules and plants can change that.Updated
- AnalysisHow close are solid-state batteries?Toyota, BYD, Samsung SDI and QuantumScape promise solid-state batteries by 2027-28. The evidence on whether that is a breakthrough or a niche start.Updated
- ExplainerHow grid-scale energy storage worksHow power grids store electricity: lithium batteries, pumped hydro, flow batteries and multi-day iron-air storage, with US and global data for 2025-2026.Updated
- ExplainerLFP vs NMC: the battery chemistry splitWhy cheap lithium iron phosphate (LFP) overtook nickel-rich NMC in electric cars and grid storage, and where NMC still wins, with 2025-2026 data.Updated
- WikiBECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage)BECCS burns or ferments biomass for energy and stores the CO2 underground. How it works, how much it removes, costs, limits and the Stockholm plant.Updated
- WikiClimeworksClimeworks is a Swiss direct air capture company that runs the Orca and Mammoth plants in Iceland. Its technology, performance data and goals.Updated
- WikiCommonwealth Fusion SystemsCommonwealth Fusion Systems is building the SPARC tokamak and the ARC power plant around HTS magnets. Its progress, funding and deals as of 2026.Updated
- WikiDirect air capture (DAC)Direct air capture pulls CO2 out of ambient air for storage. How it works, what it costs, and where Mammoth and STRATOS stand in October 2026.Updated
- WikiEnhanced rock weatheringEnhanced weathering spreads crushed rock on farmland to lock up CO2. How it works, field-trial evidence, potential, and why measuring it is hard.Updated
- WikiFrontier (carbon removal buyers' coalition)Frontier is an advance market commitment by Stripe, Google, Shopify and others to buy durable carbon removal. Its size, members and deals as of 2026.Updated
- WikiHelion EnergyHelion Energy builds pulsed field-reversed-configuration fusion machines and is constructing Orion, a plant meant to power Microsoft from 2028.Updated
- WikiHigh-temperature superconducting fusion magnetsREBCO high-temperature superconducting magnets reached 20 tesla in 2021 and enable compact tokamaks like SPARC. How they work and why they matter.Updated
- WikiIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)The IPCC is the UN body that assesses climate science. What it found in AR6, what is planned for AR7, and the 2026 dispute over its report timeline.Updated
- WikiITERITER is the international fusion megaproject in southern France. Its goals, members, 2024 rebaseline to 2034 and 2039, and assembly progress in 2026.Updated
- WikiNational Ignition Facility (NIF)The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore achieved fusion ignition in 2022 and 11 times by June 2026. Records, method and caveats.Updated
- WikiOcean-based carbon dioxide removalOcean CDR uses seawater chemistry or biology to store more CO2: alkalinity enhancement, direct ocean capture and seaweed. Methods, trials and limits.Updated
- WikiStellaratorStellarators confine fusion plasma with twisted external coils and no plasma current. How they differ from tokamaks and who is building them in 2026.Updated
- WikiTokamakThe tokamak is the doughnut-shaped magnetic fusion machine behind ITER, JET, EAST and SPARC. How it works, its records and its limits in 2026.Updated
- WikiWendelstein 7-XWendelstein 7-X in Greifswald is the world's largest stellarator. Its design, 2025 triple-product record and role in Europe's stellarator push.Updated
- ● DevelopingClimate science and carbon removal trackerLive tracker of climate science and carbon removal: warming records, carbon budgets, IPCC talks, direct air capture, ocean trials and the CDR market.Updated 19 confirmed
- ● DevelopingFusion energy tracker: milestones toward fusion powerA dated, sourced timeline of fusion energy milestones: NIF ignition shots, ITER assembly, SPARC, Helion, stellarator records, funding and regulation.Updated 21 confirmed
- AnalysisCan carbon removal scale credibly? The 2026 debateCarbon removal must grow from 2 million to billions of tonnes. The evidence on growth, measurement, permanence and demand, and three competing views.Updated
- AnalysisWhen will fusion power reach the grid? The 2026 debateCompanies and governments target fusion electricity between 2028 and the mid-2030s. The evidence for and against those timelines as of October 2026.Updated
- AnalysisSolar geoengineering research: the debate in 2026Should scientists study reflecting sunlight to cool the planet? What solar geoengineering is, its risks, current research programmes and competing views.Updated
- ExplainerCarbon budgets explained: how much CO2 is left for 1.5 °CWhat a carbon budget is, why warming tracks cumulative CO2, how much is left for 1.5 °C as of 2026, and why carbon removal enters the picture.Updated
- ExplainerClimate science and carbon removal in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on climate science and carbon removal: warming, carbon budgets, tipping points, direct air capture, markets and the 2026 frontier.Updated
- ExplainerClimate tipping points: coral reefs, AMOC, ice sheets and the AmazonWhat climate tipping points are, why scientists say coral reefs are passing one, and what is known about AMOC, ice sheet and Amazon risks in 2026.Updated
- ExplainerBatteries and energy storage in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on batteries and energy storage: lithium-ion, LFP vs NMC, solid-state, sodium-ion, grid storage and supply chains as of October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerFusion energy in 2026: a crash courseA sourced crash course on fusion energy: tokamaks, stellarators, laser fusion, HTS magnets, private companies and the frontier as of October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerFusion's engineering wall: tritium fuel and neutron-proof materialsWhy tritium supply, breeding blankets and 14 MeV neutron damage are among fusion's hardest remaining problems, and what is being built to solve them.Updated
- ExplainerHow climate models and attribution science workHow climate models simulate the Earth, how scientists know warming is human-caused, and how rapid attribution links heatwaves to climate change.Updated
- ExplainerHow fusion worksHow nuclear fusion releases energy, why it needs 150 million degrees, and what the triple product, ignition and Q actually measure.Updated
- ExplainerHow global warming is measured: temperature and key indicatorsHow scientists measure global warming: temperature datasets, the 1850–1900 baseline, ocean heat, energy imbalance, sea level and CO2, as of October 2026.Updated
- ExplainerHow lithium-ion batteries workHow a lithium-ion cell stores and releases energy: anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator, intercalation, dendrites, and how the technology was invented.Updated
- ExplainerMagnetic vs inertial fusion: the main ways to confine a plasmaHow tokamaks, stellarators, laser fusion and magnetized-target machines each try to hold fusion fuel long enough to burn, and where each stood in 2026.Updated